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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Winged warfare is here in full — 94 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.
Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.
Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.
Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.
One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Winged warfare is here in full — 94 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.
Line 2
Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.
/moʊst ʌv ðə məˈʃiːnz wiː met wɜːr ˈhændəld ɪn ə ˈmænər fɑːr əˈbʌv ðə ˈdʒɜːrmən ˈævərɪdʒ/
Line 3
Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.
/iːtʃ naɪt ˈaʊər ˈpaɪləts brɔːt ɪn ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ ˈstɔːriz ʌv ðə tʃeɪs/
Line 4
Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.
/ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ðeɪ wɜːr ə ˈhaɪər klæs ʌv ˈfaɪtɪŋ men ðæn wiː hæd ˈhɪðɜːrˈtuː floʊn əˈɡenst ðə ˈdʒɜːrmənz stɪl ʃoʊd ə rɪˈlʌktəns tuː əˈtæk ənˈles ðeɪ ˌaʊtˈnʌmbərd ʌs baɪ æt liːst θriː tuː wʌn/
Line 5
One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.
/wʌn loʊn ˈdʒɜːrmən wɑːz ˌɪnˈduːst tuː teɪk ə ˈfeɪtəl tʃæns əˈɡenst ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ skaʊt fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

flown verb US /floʊn/

inflected form of “fly” — travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading “Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.”

formation noun US /fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

From this reading “One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.”

handled adjective US /ˈhændəld/

having a usually specified type of handle

From this reading “Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.”

machines noun US /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading “Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.”

offensive adjective US /əˈfensɪv/

violating or tending to violate or offend against

From this reading “It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.”

outnumbered verb US /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbərd/

past form of “outnumber” — be larger in number

From this reading “Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.”

pilots noun US /ˈpaɪləts/

plural of “pilot” — someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight

From this reading “It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.”

reluctance noun US /rɪˈlʌktəns/

(physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance)

From this reading “Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

higher class adjective + noun

In this reading “Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.”

fighting men noun + noun

In this reading “Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.”

exciting stories adjective + noun counted as “exciting story”

In this reading “Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.”

least three adjective + noun

In this reading “Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.”

carrying on verb + particle counted as “carry on”

direct the course of; manage or control

In this reading “It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

AlthoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

apparentadjectiveUS /əˈperənt/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

AprilnounUS /ˈeɪprəl/

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

averageadjectiveUS /ˈævərɪdʒ/

approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

bringingnounUS /ˈbrɪŋɪŋ/

the act of delivering or distributing something (as goods or mail)

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

carryingverbUS /ˈkæriɪŋ/

-ing form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

chancenounUS /tʃæns/

a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

chaseverbUS /tʃeɪs/

go after with the intent to catch

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

determinedadjectiveUS /dɪˈtɜːrmənd/

characterized by great determination

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

EachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

excitingadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/

creating or arousing excitement

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

fataladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪtəl/

bringing death

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

fightingnounUS /ˈfaɪtɪŋ/

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

flownverbUS /floʊn/

inflected form of “fly” — travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

formationnounUS /fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

GermansnounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmənz/

plural of “german” — a person of German nationality

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

handledadjectiveUS /ˈhændəld/

having a usually specified type of handle

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

hithertoadverbUS /ˈhɪðɜːrˈtuː/

used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

inducedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈduːst/

brought about or caused; not spontaneous

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

loneadjectiveUS /loʊn/

lacking companions or companionship

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

meetverbUS /miːt/

come together

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

MostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Most of the machines we met were handled in a manner far above the German average.

offensiveadjectiveUS /əˈfensɪv/

violating or tending to violate or offend against

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

oppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

outnumberedverbUS /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbərd/

past form of “outnumber” — be larger in number

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

pilotsnounUS /ˈpaɪləts/

plural of “pilot” — someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

reluctancenounUS /rɪˈlʌktəns/

(physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance)

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

scoutnounUS /skaʊt/

a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

storiesnounUS /ˈstɔːriz/

plural of “story” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Each night our pilots brought in exciting stories of the chase.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading One lone German was induced to take a fatal chance against a British scout formation.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

unlessconjunctionUS /ənˈles/

except if; if not

From this reading Although they were a higher class of fighting men than we had hitherto flown against, the Germans still showed a reluctance to attack unless they outnumbered us by at least three to one.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It was apparent to us by this time that the Germans were bringing their best pilots opposite the British front to meet the determined offensive we had been carrying on since April 1st.

Chapter 9 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 94 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 9 holds 94 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 94 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.