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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Winged warfare is here in full — 199 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/39 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.
It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.
It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.
At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying Kamerad!”
Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of Winged warfare is here in full — 199 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/39 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.
/ðə fɜːrst fjuː deɪz ɪn meɪ wiː spent ˈeskɔːrtɪŋ məˈʃiːnz ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈfoʊtəɡræfs/
Line 2
It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.
Line 3
It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.
/ɪt wɑːz ˈɔːlsoʊ ˈveri ˌnɜːrˈvrækɪŋ wɜːrk æz juː ˈlɪsən ˈkɑːnstəntli fɔːr ðə liːst breɪk ɪn ðə smuːð ˈrʌnɪŋ ʌv jɔːr ˈmoʊtər ˈnoʊɪŋ ðæt ɪf ɪt feɪlz juː ɑːr tuː fɑːr frʌm hoʊm ˈevər tuː ɡet ðer baɪ ˈɡlaɪdɪŋ/
Line 4
At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and sayingKamerad!”
Line 5
Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despisedArchie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

distances noun US /ˈdɪstənsəz/

plural of “distance” — the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading “It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.”

escorting verb US /ˈeskɔːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “escort” — accompany as an escort

From this reading “The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.”

fails verb US /feɪlz/

third-person singular of “fail” — fail to do something; leave something undone

From this reading “It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.”

gliding noun US /ˈɡlaɪdɪŋ/

the activity of flying a glider

From this reading “It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.”

ignominy noun US /ˈɪɡnoʊmɪni/

a state of dishonor

From this reading “At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!””

nerve-racking adjective US /ˌnɜːrˈvrækɪŋ/

extremely irritating to the nerves

From this reading “It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.”

photographs noun US /ˈfoʊtəɡræfs/

plural of “photograph” — a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide or in digital format

From this reading “The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.”

reverted verb US /rɪˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “revert” — go back to a previous state

From this reading “At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!””

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

several times adjective + noun

In this reading “It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.”

few days adjective + noun

In this reading “The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.”

taken prisoner adjective + noun

In this reading “Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.”

Far better adverb + adjective

In this reading “Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.”

long distances adjective + noun counted as “long distance”

a telephone call made outside the local calling area

In this reading “It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.”

yield up verb + adjective

surrender, as a result of pressure or force

In this reading “Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.”

for hours preposition + noun

In this reading “It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.”

from home preposition + noun

In this reading “It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

Archie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

constantlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnstəntli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

despisedadjectiveUS /dɪˈspaɪzd/

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

dieverbUS /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

distancesnounUS /ˈdɪstənsəz/

plural of “distance” — the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

escortingverbUS /ˈeskɔːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “escort” — accompany as an escort

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

excitingadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/

creating or arousing excitement

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

failsverbUS /feɪlz/

third-person singular of “fail” — fail to do something; leave something undone

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

feelverbUS /fiːl/

undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

GermansnounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmənz/

plural of “german” — a person of German nationality

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

ghostnounUS /ɡoʊst/

a mental representation of some haunting experience

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

glidingnounUS /ˈɡlaɪdɪŋ/

the activity of flying a glider

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

helplesslyadverbUS /ˈhelpləsli/

in a helpless manner

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

hoursnounUS /ˈaʊərz/

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

Hunland

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

ignominynounUS /ˈɪɡnoʊmɪni/

a state of dishonor

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

Kamerad

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

knowingadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊɪŋ/

evidencing the possession of inside information

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

landingnounUS /ˈlændɪŋ/

an intermediate platform in a staircase

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

listenverbUS /ˈlɪsən/

hear with intention

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

motornounUS /ˈmoʊtər/

machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

nerve-rackingadjectiveUS /ˌnɜːrˈvrækɪŋ/

extremely irritating to the nerves

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

photographsnounUS /ˈfoʊtəɡræfs/

plural of “photograph” — a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide or in digital format

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

prisonernounUS /ˈprɪzənər/

a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

revertedverbUS /rɪˈvɜːrtɪd/

past form of “revert” — go back to a previous state

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

runningadjectiveUS /ˈrʌnɪŋ/

(of fluids) moving or issuing in a stream

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

smoothadjectiveUS /smuːð/

having a surface free from roughness or bumps or ridges or irregularities

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

stayedverbUS /steɪd/

past form of “stay” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

submitverbUS /səbˈmɪt/

refer for judgment or consideration

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

takingnounUS /ˈteɪkɪŋ/

the act of someone who picks up or takes something

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

tamelyadverb

in a tame manner

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

thoughtsnounUS /θɔːts/

plural of “thought” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The first few days in May we spent escorting machines taking photographs.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading It was rather exciting work, for several times we went very long distances into Hunland and stayed over there for hours.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading At such times my thoughts always reverted to the ignominy one would feel in helplessly landing among the Germans and saying “Kamerad!”

yieldverbUS /jiːld/

be the cause or source of

From this reading Far better to die in a fight, or even yield up the ghost to a despised “Archie,” than tamely submit to being taken prisoner.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading It was also very nerve-racking work, as you listen constantly for the least break in the smooth running of your motor, knowing that if it fails you are too far from home ever to get there by gliding.

Chapter 12 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 199 sentences, grouped into 40 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 12 holds 199 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 40 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 199 sentences, grouped into 40 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 40 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 40 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.