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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of Winged warfare is here in full — 71 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.
I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.
I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.
It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.
When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of Winged warfare is here in full — 71 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.
/baɪ ðɪs taɪm aɪ hæd lɜːrnd ˈnɪrli ɔːl ʌv ðə ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ˈprɪnsəpəlz ʌv ˈfaɪtɪŋ ɪn ðə er ənd hæd mɔːr ɔːr les ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd əˈpɑːn ɪɡˈzæktli wʌt ˈtæktɪks wɜːr best fɔːr miː tuː juːs/
Line 2
I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.
/aɪ ˈɔːlsoʊ ˈriːəlaɪzd ðə ɪɡˈzækt ˈlɪmət ʌv maɪ əˈbɪlətiː ɪn ˈkæriɪŋ ðiːz ˈveriəs ˈtæktɪks aʊt ənd ɪn ˈfaɪtɪŋ ˈæktɪd əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/
Line 3
I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.
/aɪ wɑːz mɔːr ðæn ˈevər ˈfɜːrmli riˈzɑːlvd naʊ ðæt ˈhævɪŋ ɡɑːt soʊ fɑːr ɪn ðə ɡeɪm ənd pæst ɪts moʊst ˈdeɪndʒərəs ˈsteɪdʒəz aɪ wʊd teɪk noʊ ˈfuːlɪʃ rɪsks bʌt kənˈtɪnjuː tuː weɪt fɔːr ðə best ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz/
Line 4
It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.
Line 5
When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.
/wen ˈflaɪɪŋ əˈloʊn ɑːn ə deɪ ɔːf ɔːr ˈsʌmθɪŋ laɪk ðæt aɪ tʊk kwɪr ˈtʃænsəz ɪt ɪz truː bʌt ˈflaɪɪŋ wɪð ðə pəˈtroʊl ˈɔːfən let ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz slɪp baɪ bɪˈkɔːz ðeɪ wɜːr nɑːt kwaɪt ɡʊd ɪˈnʌf bʌt wen ðə raɪt wʌnz keɪm wiː wɜːr kwɪk tuː siːz ðem ənd wɜːr ˈnɪrli ˈɔːlweɪz səkˈsesfəl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

fundamental adjective US /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading “By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.”

limit noun US /ˈlɪmət/

the greatest possible degree of something

From this reading “I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.”

opportunities noun US /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz/

plural of “opportunity” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading “I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.”

patrol noun US /pəˈtroʊl/

a detachment used for security or reconnaissance

From this reading “It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.”

restrain verb US /riˈstreɪn/

to close within bounds, or otherwise limit or deprive of free movement

From this reading “It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.”

risks noun US /rɪsks/

plural of “risk” — a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading “I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.”

stages noun US /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

plural of “stage” — any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading “I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.”

tactics noun US /ˈtæktɪks/

the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy

From this reading “By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fundamental principles adjective + noun counted as “fundamental principle”

principles from which other truths can be derived

In this reading “By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.”

firmly resolved adverb + adjective

In this reading “I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.”

acted accordingly verb + particle counted as “act accordingly”

In this reading “I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.”

most dangerous adverb + adjective

In this reading “I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.”

wait for verb + particle

In this reading “I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.”

good enough adjective + noun

adequately good for the circumstances

In this reading “When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.”

at times preposition + noun

sporadically and infrequently

In this reading “It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.”

nearly all adverb + adjective

In this reading “By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.”

All words in this reading · 127

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

abilitynounUS /əˈbɪlətiː/

the quality of being able to perform; a quality that permits or facilitates achievement or accomplishment

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

accordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

actedverbUS /ˈæktɪd/

past form of “act” — perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

AugustnounUS /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

carryingverbUS /ˈkæriɪŋ/

-ing form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

chancesnounUS /ˈtʃænsəz/

plural of “chance” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

continueverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuː/

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

dangerousadjectiveUS /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/

involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

exactadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzækt/

Strictly particular and correct.

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

exactlyadverbUS /ɪɡˈzæktli/

indicating exactness or preciseness

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

expeditionnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃən/

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

fightingnounUS /ˈfaɪtɪŋ/

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

firmlyadverbUS /ˈfɜːrmli/

with resolute determination

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

flyingadjectiveUS /ˈflaɪɪŋ/

moving swiftly

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

foolishadjectiveUS /ˈfuːlɪʃ/

devoid of good sense or judgment

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

fundamentaladjectiveUS /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

gamenounUS /ɡeɪm/

a contest with rules to determine a winner

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

gotverbUS /ɡɑːt/

inflected form of “get” — come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

killedverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

limitnounUS /ˈlɪmət/

the greatest possible degree of something

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

Maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

onesnounUS /wʌnz/

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

oneself

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

opportunitiesnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz/

plural of “opportunity” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

patrolnounUS /pəˈtroʊl/

a detachment used for security or reconnaissance

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

principlesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principle” — a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

queeradjectiveUS /kwɪr/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

quickadjectiveUS /kwɪk/

accomplished rapidly and without delay

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

realizedadjectiveUS /ˈriːəlaɪzd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

resolvedadjectiveUS /riˈzɑːlvd/

determined

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

restrainverbUS /riˈstreɪn/

to close within bounds, or otherwise limit or deprive of free movement

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

risksnounUS /rɪsks/

plural of “risk” — a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

seizeverbUS /siːz/

take hold of; grab

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

shotnounUS /ʃɑːt/

the act of firing a projectile

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

slipverbUS /slɪp/

move stealthily

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

stagesnounUS /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

plural of “stage” — any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

successfuladjectiveUS /səkˈsesfəl/

having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

tacticsnounUS /ˈtæktɪks/

the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading I also realized the exact limit of my ability in carrying these various tactics out, and in fighting acted accordingly.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

waitverbUS /weɪt/

stay in one place and anticipate or expect something

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading When flying alone, on a day off or something like that, I took queer chances, it is true, but flying with the patrol often let opportunities slip by because they were not quite good enough; but when the right ones came, we were quick to seize them and were nearly always successful.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading By this time I had learned nearly all of the fundamental principles of fighting in the air and had more or less decided upon exactly what tactics were best for me to use.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It was very hard to restrain oneself at times, but from the middle of May until I left France in August, I lost only one man out of my patrol killed, and he was shot down on an expedition when I was not with him.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading I was more than ever firmly resolved now that, having got so far in the game and past its most dangerous stages, I would take no foolish risks, but continue to wait for the best opportunities.

Chapter 17 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 71 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 17 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 17 holds 71 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 17 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 71 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 17 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 17 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 17 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.