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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of Winged warfare is here in full — 104 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.
This was a sort of pom-pom gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.
Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.
However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.
The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of Winged warfare is here in full — 104 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.
Line 2
This was a sort ofpom-pomgun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.
Line 3
Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.
/ˈsevrəl taɪmz waɪl əˈtækɪŋ məˈʃiːnz ˈduːɪŋ ɑːrˈtɪləri wɜːrk wiː wɜːr sərˈpraɪzd tuː siː ˈlɪtəl waɪt pʌfs ərˈaʊnd ʌs ənd ˈriːəlaɪzd ˈsʌdənli ðæt ðiːz wɜːr smɔːl ˈbɜːrstɪŋ ʃelz/
Line 4
However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.
Line 5
The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.
/ðə fɜːrst tuː ɔːr θriː taɪmz wiː met ʌp wɪð ðem ðeɪ ˈræðər ˈfraɪtənd ʌs ənd wiː kept əˈweɪ frʌm ðer fiːld ʌv ˈfaɪər bʌt ˈæftər ə ˈlɪtəl bɪt ʌv ɪkˈspɪriəns wiː faʊnd ðer wɑːz ˈnʌθɪŋ tuː ˈwɜːri əˈbaʊt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

artillery noun US /ɑːrˈtɪləri/

large but transportable armament

From this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

attacking adjective US /əˈtækɪŋ/

disposed to attack

From this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

bursting verb US /ˈbɜːrstɪŋ/

-ing form of “burst” — come open suddenly and violently, as if from internal pressure

From this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

discharging verb US /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “discharge” — complete or carry out

From this reading “This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.”

machines noun US /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

percussion noun US /pərˈkʌʃən/

the act of playing a percussion instrument

From this reading “This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.”

puffs noun US /pʌfs/

plural of “puff” — a short light gust of air

From this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

shells noun US /ʃelz/

plural of “shell” — ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun

From this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Several times adjective + noun

In this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

three times noun + noun

by a factor of three

In this reading “The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.”

bursting shells verb + noun counted as “burst shell”

In this reading “Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.”

little bit adjective + noun

In this reading “The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.”

through the air preposition + article + noun counted as “through … air”

In this reading “This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.”

small cannon adjective + noun

In this reading “A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.”

rather frightened adverb + adjective

In this reading “The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.”

burst upon verb + particle

spring suddenly

In this reading “This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

artillerynounUS /ɑːrˈtɪləri/

large but transportable armament

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

attackingadjectiveUS /əˈtækɪŋ/

disposed to attack

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

bitnounUS /bɪt/

a small piece or quantity of something

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

burstverbUS /bɜːrst/

come open suddenly and violently, as if from internal pressure

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

burstingverbUS /ˈbɜːrstɪŋ/

-ing form of “burst” — come open suddenly and violently, as if from internal pressure

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

cannonnounUS /ˈkænən/

a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

decentadjectiveUS /ˈdiːsənt/

socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

dischargingverbUS /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “discharge” — complete or carry out

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

doingverbUS /ˈduːɪŋ/

-ing form of “do” — engage in

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

fireverbUS /ˈfaɪər/

start firing a weapon

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

frightenedadjectiveUS /ˈfraɪtənd/

made afraid

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

gunnounUS /ɡʌn/

a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel)

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

harmnounUS /hɑːrm/

any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

HoweveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

Huns

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

machinenounUS /məˈʃiːn/

any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

meetingnounUS /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

a formally arranged gathering

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

mountedadjectiveUS /ˈmaʊntəd/

assembled for use; especially by being attached to a support

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

one-pound

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

percussionnounUS /pərˈkʌʃən/

the act of playing a percussion instrument

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

pom-pomnoun

decoration consisting of a ball of tufted wool or silk; usually worn on a hat

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

puffsnounUS /pʌfs/

plural of “puff” — a short light gust of air

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

realizedadjectiveUS /ˈriːəlaɪzd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

SeveraladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

shellnounUS /ʃel/

ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

shell-firing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

shellsnounUS /ʃelz/

plural of “shell” — ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

shootingnounUS /ˈʃuːtɪŋ/

the act of firing a projectile

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

sortnounUS /sɔːrt/

a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

suddenlyadverbUS /ˈsʌdənli/

happening unexpectedly

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

surprisedadjectiveUS /sərˈpraɪzd/

taken unawares or suddenly and feeling wonder or astonishment

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

travellingnounUS /ˈtrævəlɪŋ/

the act of going from one place to another

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

two-seaternoun

an open automobile having a front seat and a rumble seat

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A new kind of enemy was meeting us now--a two-seater machine which mounted a small cannon, or shell-firing gun.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading However, they did no harm that I know of, and the Huns did not seem to be able to make even decent shooting with them.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Several times, while attacking machines doing artillery work, we were surprised to see little white puffs around us, and realized suddenly that these were small bursting shells.

worryverbUS /ˈwɜːri/

be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy

From this reading The first two or three times we met up with them they rather frightened us, and we kept away from their field of fire, but after a little bit of experience we found there was nothing to worry about.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading This was a sort of “pom-pom” gun, discharging about a one-pound shell, which would either burst upon percussion or after travelling a certain distance through the air.

Chapter 18 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 104 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 18 holds 104 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 104 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.