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Winged warfare
Winged warfare

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of Winged warfare is here in full — 184 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Winged warfare
Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.
One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.
There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.
If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.
Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Winged warfare

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of Winged warfare is here in full — 184 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.
Line 2
One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.
/wʌn deɪ æt nuːn waɪl aʊt əˈloʊn aɪ keɪm æz nɪr ˈbiːɪŋ brɔːt daʊn æz ɪt wɑːz ˈpɑːsəbəl tuː biː/
Line 3
There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.
Line 4
If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.
/ɪf aɪ hæd ˈfɑːloʊd maɪ oʊld ˈtæktɪks aɪ wʊd hæv ˈkerfəli ɡɔːn fɑːr əˈweɪ ənd klaɪmd tuː haɪ əˈbʌv ðem ðen kʌm daʊn frʌm ðæt dərˈekʃən bʌt aɪ səˈpoʊz fəˌmɪˈljerəti briːdz kənˈtempt ənd aɪ ˌɪˈmædʒən aɪ wɑːz ˈɡetɪŋ ə ˈlɪtəl ˈkerləs/
Line 5
Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.
/ˈeniweɪ aɪ hæd nɑːt ðə ˈpeɪʃəns ðɪs taɪm tuː weɪst ɔːl ʌv ðoʊz ˈmɪnəts soʊ aɪ klaɪmd streɪt ʌp æt ðem/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

breeds noun US /briːdz/

plural of “breed” — a special variety of domesticated animals within a species

From this reading “If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.”

careless adjective US /ˈkerləs/

marked by lack of attention or consideration or forethought or thoroughness; not careful

From this reading “If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.”

contempt noun US /kənˈtempt/

lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike

From this reading “If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.”

familiarity noun US /fəˌmɪˈljerəti/

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading “If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.”

machines noun US /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading “The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.”

meantime noun US /ˈmiːntaɪm/

the time between one event, process, or period and another

From this reading “The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.”

noon noun US /nuːn/

the middle of the day

From this reading “One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.”

tactics noun US /ˈtæktɪks/

the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy

From this reading “If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

at noon preposition + noun

In this reading “One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.”

thousand feet noun + noun counted as “thousand foot”

In this reading “There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.”

in the meantime preposition + article + noun counted as “in … meantime”

during the intervening time

In this reading “The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.”

come down verb + adjective

move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way

In this reading “If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.”

almost ready adverb + adjective

In this reading “The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.”

brought down verb + adjective counted as “bring down”

move something or somebody to a lower position

In this reading “One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.”

any time adjective + noun

In this reading “The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.”

All words in this reading · 92

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

AnywayadverbUS /ˈeniweɪ/

used to indicate that a statement explains or supports a previous statement

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

breedsnounUS /briːdz/

plural of “breed” — a special variety of domesticated animals within a species

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

carelessadjectiveUS /ˈkerləs/

marked by lack of attention or consideration or forethought or thoroughness; not careful

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

climbedverbUS /klaɪmd/

past form of “climb” — go upward with gradual or continuous progress

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

cloudsnounUS /klaʊdz/

plural of “cloud” — any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

contemptnounUS /kənˈtempt/

lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

familiaritynounUS /fəˌmɪˈljerəti/

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

gettingnounUS /ˈɡetɪŋ/

the act of acquiring something

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

Huns

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

imagineverbUS /ˌɪˈmædʒən/

form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

meantimenounUS /ˈmiːntaɪm/

the time between one event, process, or period and another

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

minutesnounUS /ˈmɪnəts/

a written account of what transpired at a meeting

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

Nieuport

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

noonnounUS /nuːn/

the middle of the day

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

patiencenounUS /ˈpeɪʃəns/

good-natured tolerance of delay or incompetence

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

skynounUS /skaɪ/

the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

straightadjectiveUS /streɪt/

successive (without a break)

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

supposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

tacticsnounUS /ˈtæktɪks/

the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading There were very few machines in the sky, and about a thousand feet above some clouds I saw three of the Huns.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

wastenounUS /weɪst/

any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading Anyway, I had not the patience this time to waste all of those minutes, so I climbed straight up at them.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading One day at noon, while out alone, I came as near being brought down as it was possible to be.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading The new machines were almost ready now and at any time we were to use them, but in the meantime I was working hard with my Nieuport.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading If I had followed my old tactics, I would have carefully gone far away and climbed to high above them, then come down from that direction; but I suppose “familiarity breeds contempt,” and I imagine I was getting a little careless.

Chapter 20 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop holds 184 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Winged warfare contain?

Chapter 20 holds 184 sentences of Winged warfare, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 184 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Winged warfare?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Winged warfare

Common questions about reading Winged warfare by William Avery Bishop on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Winged warfare?

Yes. All 2647 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75637 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Winged warfare is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75637, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Winged warfare take to read?

About 220 minutes of reading across 530 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Winged warfare section by section

How to work through Winged warfare section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of Winged warfare to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Winged warfare

Words and structures a reader meets early in Winged warfare, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bishop
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Printed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Winged warfare; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.