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With Axe and Rifle
With Axe and Rifle

Chapter I

Cover illustration for With Axe and Rifle
Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.
With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.
Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.
The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.
His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

With Axe and Rifle

Chapter I

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.
Line 2
With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.
Line 3
Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.
Line 4
The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.
Line 5
His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Great noun US /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.”

Life noun US /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.”

Make noun US /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.”

Mysterious adjective US /mɪˈstɪriəs/

difficult to explain or understand

From this reading “His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.”

Several noun US /ˈseveral/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.”

Through noun US /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.”

Told noun US /told/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.”

All words in this reading · 90

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

acted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

actors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

adulthood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

almost

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

also

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

appears

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

Axe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

book

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

boy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

Bracher

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

Constant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

depicts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

difficult

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

Dio

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

Dominie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

efforts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

eyes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

family

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

form

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

G

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

give

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

greatnounUS /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

grows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

guise

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

H

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

harrying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

home

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

hunter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

illness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

impossible

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

indeed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

Indians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

Kingston

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

lifenounUS /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

makenounUS /make/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

many

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

Mr

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

mysteriousadjectiveUS /mɪˈstɪriəs/

difficult to explain or understand

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

nasty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

neighbours

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

Pioneers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

principal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

Red

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

rescuer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

Rifle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

runaway

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

settlers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

several

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

sincerity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

skill

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

slave

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

struggles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

tale

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

there

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

throughnounUS /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

Tidey

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

times

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

toldnounUS /told/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The book is told through the eyes of a boy, as he grows to adulthood.

tutor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

W

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

weather

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Constant harrying by Red Indians, the weather, nasty neighbours, illness, all made life difficult, indeed almost impossible.

West

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.

Western

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

wicked

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His family, also Mr Tidey, who acted as family tutor, or Dominie, and Dio, a runaway slave to whom they give a home, form the principal actors in this tale, but there are many others, such as the wicked Bracher, and a mysterious hunter who appears several times in the book in the guise of a rescuer.

WithprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading With Axe and Rifle; or The Western Pioneers, by W.H.G. Kingston.

would-be

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With great skill and sincerity Kingston depicts many of the struggles and efforts that the would-be settlers in the West had to make.